{"id":1966,"date":"2026-10-02T01:19:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T01:19:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ritoks.com\/"},"modified":"2026-10-06T01:08:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T01:08:55","slug":"diode-module-forward-voltage-power-loss-evidence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ritoks.com\/tr\/diode-module-forward-voltage-power-loss-evidence\/","title":{"rendered":"Diyot Mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0130leri Y\u00f6n Gerilimi ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Kayb\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Kan\u0131tlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130leri y\u00f6n gerilimi, bir g\u00fc\u00e7 diyot mod\u00fcl\u00fcndeki \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 tahmin etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan girdilerden biridir. Bu, bir ak\u0131m, s\u0131cakl\u0131k veya topolojiden di\u011ferine aynen kopyalanabilecek sabit bir de\u011fer de\u011fildir. Mod\u00fclleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmadan \u00f6nce m\u00fchendisin, ger\u00e7ek ak\u0131m dalga formuna, iletim yoluna, cihaz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve tam modele ait ileri y\u00f6n karakteristik verilerine ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

This article explains what diode forward-voltage information can and cannot establish for a thermal review. It does not prescribe a loss number for a RITOKS module or replace a system calculation. The supplier’s current datasheet and the application’s duty profile remain decisive.<\/p>\n

\u0130leri gerilim neyi ifade eder?<\/h2>\n

Bir diyot, \u00fczerinde bir gerilim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc oldu\u011funda ileri y\u00f6nde iletkenlik g\u00f6sterir. Uygun bir anl\u0131k gerilimin anl\u0131k ak\u0131mla \u00e7arp\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilen sonu\u00e7, anl\u0131k elektrik kayb\u0131n\u0131 verir; bu kay\u0131p, cihazda esas olarak \u0131s\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc boyunca olu\u015fan toplam \u0131s\u0131, sadece grafikten okunan tek bir noktaya de\u011fil, ak\u0131m ve gerilimin birlikte nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 mod\u00fcl\u00fc teknik verilerinde, \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131nda ileri y\u00f6n gerilim e\u011frileri g\u00f6sterilebilir veya basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f e\u015fik-art\u0131-e\u011fim modeli sunulabilir. Bu sunumlar, farkl\u0131 hesaplama ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na cevap verir. Tipik bir e\u011fri, davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur; ancak tasar\u0131m marj\u0131 i\u00e7in maksimum karakteristik de\u011fer veya \u00fcretici taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilen bir y\u00f6ntem gerekebilir. Tedarik\u00e7inin en k\u00f6t\u00fc durum termal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hangi temsil bi\u00e7imini bekledi\u011fini teyit edin.<\/p>\n

Temperature matters because diode forward behavior changes as the semiconductor warms. Do not mix a room-temperature curve with a hot operating current and treat the result as a validated maximum loss. Infineon’s semiconductor application material discusses the temperature dependence of diode forward drop; the magnitude and direction over a particular operating range must be taken from the exact device data.<\/p>\n

Sadece tip plakas\u0131nda belirtilen ak\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek ak\u0131m dalga bi\u00e7imini de kullan\u0131n<\/h2>\n

Ask how the diode conducts in the actual circuit. A rectifier leg, freewheel path and anti-reverse path can have very different conduction intervals even if the load current is similar. Capture average, RMS, peak and duty-cycle information as required by the manufacturer’s calculation model. A smooth DC current and a narrow repetitive pulse should not be treated as equivalent merely because their average values match.<\/p>\n

Devre topolojisini ve hangi yongalar\u0131n veya dahili diyot yollar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydedin. Birden fazla cihaz i\u00e7eren bir mod\u00fclde, mod\u00fcl\u00fcn toplam \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 ilgili eleman kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131d\u0131r; ancak en s\u0131cak eleman, ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirleyebilir. Bu nedenle ba\u011flant\u0131 \u015femas\u0131, sadece bir kablolama aksesuar\u0131 de\u011fil, termal analizin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cihaz\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi durumlarda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fck, ters geri kazan\u0131mla ilgili olaylar ve tekrarlanan d\u00f6ng\u00fcler gibi anormal ancak makul ko\u015fullar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131n. S\u00fcrekli termal y\u00fck\u00fc, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli dalgalanmalara dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ile birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131n. Tekrarlanmayan dalgalanma derecesi, normal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in ileri y\u00f6nl\u00fc kay\u0131p derecesi de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\"Diyot
Diyot iletim kayb\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma dalga formunu ve kesin ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck e\u011friyi kullan\u0131n.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

E\u011frinin yan\u0131ndaki teknik veri sayfas\u0131nda belirtilen ko\u015fullar\u0131 okuyun<\/h2>\n

Bir ileri y\u00f6n gerilim de\u011feri belirtildi\u011finde, bu de\u011ferin hangi ileri y\u00f6n ak\u0131m\u0131nda, ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve darbe ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sorun. Test y\u00f6ntemi, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda kendi kendine \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilir. Bu ko\u015fullar belirtilmeden verilen tek bir ana de\u011fer, kurulu bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcdeki ortalama kayb\u0131 tan\u0131mlayamaz.<\/p>\n

Grafi\u011fin tipik olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferlerinin ayr\u0131 olarak belirtilip belirtilmedi\u011fini kontrol edin. Alternatif mod\u00fclleri, birbiriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Bir tedarik\u00e7iden en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tipik de\u011feri, ba\u015fka bir tedarik\u00e7iden ise en y\u00fcksek de\u011feri almak, yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 standart hale getirmek i\u00e7in gerekli bilgiler eksikse, bunu a\u00e7\u0131k bir soru olarak belirtin.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ip ba\u015f\u0131na, diyot ba\u015f\u0131na ve mod\u00fcl ba\u015f\u0131na de\u011ferler aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurun. K\u00f6pr\u00fc veya \u00e7ift diyot d\u00fczenlemelerinde, iletken elemanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 toplam voltaj d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Kay\u0131plar\u0131 toplama i\u015flemine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce i\u00e7 \u015femay\u0131 ve iletim yolunu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Ticari terim olan \u201cdiyot mod\u00fcl\u00fc\u201d, uygulama yolunda ka\u00e7 adet cihaz\u0131n seri ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmez.<\/p>\n

Elektrik kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tma \u015febekesine ba\u011flay\u0131n<\/h2>\n

Tahmini \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131, bir termal modele girdi olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Is\u0131, ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak paket, montaj aray\u00fcz\u00fc ve \u0131s\u0131 emici \u00fczerinden \u00e7evreleyen havaya veya so\u011futma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131na iletilmelidir. Ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131-g\u00f6vde aras\u0131 veya e\u015fde\u011fer termal verileri i\u00e7eren kesin bir model elde edin ve referans noktalar\u0131n\u0131 iyi anlay\u0131n. Is\u0131 emicinin performans\u0131, kurulumla ilgili hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve montaj ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmeli veya belirtilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Sabit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 hesaplamas\u0131 aday bile\u015fenlerin elenmesinde kullan\u0131labilir; ancak bu hesaplama, temsili g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131 ve termal dirence dayan\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ise ge\u00e7ici termal empedans ve darbeler aras\u0131ndaki zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tekrarlanan darbeler, her biri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrse bile \u0131s\u0131 birikimine neden olabilir. Tekrarlanan tepe de\u011ferlerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca kararl\u0131 durum de\u011ferlerini kullanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n.<\/p>\n

The interface between module and sink matters. Surface flatness, thermal interface material, mounting pressure and assembly procedure can change contact resistance. Infineon’s module installation guide emphasizes material and geometric effects on thermal transfer. The exact proposed module’s mounting manual must define the actual process.<\/p>\n

\u0130leri kay\u0131p ile ters engellemeyi birbiriyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131n<\/h2>\n

\u0130leri y\u00f6n gerilim verileri, bir diyotun iletim s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelen kayb\u0131n tahmin edilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Ters y\u00f6n gerilim de\u011ferleri ise, belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda diyotun ters y\u00f6nde ak\u0131m\u0131 engelleme kabiliyetini g\u00f6sterir. Bunlar birbirinin yerine ge\u00e7mez. Bir mod\u00fcl, iletim kayb\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan cazip g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilirken, devrenin gerilim veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131layamayabilir.<\/p>\n

Aday \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin adil bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesi i\u00e7in, gerilim y\u00fck\u00fc, ani y\u00fck, ak\u0131m dalga formu ve termal davran\u0131\u015f bilgilerini ayr\u0131 s\u00fctunlarda tutun. Her birinin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc, kesin modele dayal\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ters ak\u0131m \u00f6nleme uygulamas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ileri gerilimden yola \u00e7\u0131karak mod\u00fcl\u00fcn uygun oldu\u011fu sonucuna varmak yerine, beklenen ters gerilim ve ar\u0131za senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 g\u00f6rev noktas\u0131nda adaylar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n<\/h2>\n
Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131<\/th>Proje girdisi<\/th>Model kan\u0131t\u0131<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Ak\u0131m dalga formu<\/td>B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck, s\u00fcre ve tekrarlanma s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\u0130leriye d\u00f6n\u00fck e\u011fri veya zarar modeli<\/td><\/tr>
S\u0131cakl\u0131k<\/td>Beklenen ba\u011flant\u0131 ve ortam aral\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fc ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck veriler<\/td><\/tr>
Topoloji<\/td>Her bir durumda iletken cihazlar<\/td>Dahili \u015fema<\/td><\/tr>
Termal yol<\/td>Aray\u00fcz, emici ve hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/td>Termal empedans ve montaj k\u0131lavuzu<\/td><\/tr>
Di\u011fer stres fakt\u00f6rleri<\/td>Ters gerilim ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim olaylar\u0131<\/td>\u0130lgili ko\u015fullarda derecelendirmeler<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n

Her veri sayfas\u0131n\u0131n hesaplama varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve revizyonlar\u0131n\u0131 belgelendirin. Bir aday \u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131 bir i\u00e7 d\u00fczen veya paket kullan\u0131yorsa, ileri e\u011fri benzer g\u00f6r\u00fcnse bile termal yol de\u011fi\u015febilir. Sat\u0131n alma birimi, yaln\u0131zca ilan edilen voltaj d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle yap\u0131lan ikamelerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\u0130leri
\u0130leri y\u00f6nl\u00fc kay\u0131p, termal yol ve engelleme gerilimini ayr\u0131 kan\u0131t kontrolleri olarak tutun.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Y\u00fckl\u00fc derlemeyi do\u011frulay\u0131n<\/h2>\n

Tasar\u0131m hesaplamalar\u0131 se\u00e7imi destekler, ancak kurulu durum s\u0131cakl\u0131k testi, \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131 ve so\u011futma varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Test i\u00e7in ak\u0131m dalga formu, ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm noktas\u0131 ve termal dengeye ula\u015fma s\u00fcresini belirleyin. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclen kasa veya \u0131s\u0131 emici s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirmek i\u00e7in \u00fcretici taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7lar tahminlerden saparsa, modeli ayarlamadan \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen ak\u0131m\u0131, i\u00e7 iletim yolunu, ara y\u00fcz uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0131s\u0131 emici hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 inceleyin. Tekrarlanan \u00fcretimlerde do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f temas\u0131n yeniden sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in nihai montaj s\u00fcrecini kaydedin. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6zenle elle uygulanan bir ara y\u00fczle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir prototip, \u00fcretim i\u00e7in yeterli bir kan\u0131t de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Termal performans\u0131 etkileyen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tasar\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131n: farkl\u0131 bir fan, mod\u00fcl paketi, baras\u0131, muhafaza duvar\u0131 veya montaj malzemesi gibi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir mekanik de\u011fi\u015fiklik bile hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 veya temas kalitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. \u00d6nceki sonucun aynen ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsaymak yerine, ilgili testi yeniden kontrol edin.<\/p>\n

E\u011friler eksik oldu\u011funda ne yap\u0131lmal\u0131?<\/h2>\n

Baz\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn sayfalar\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca nominal ak\u0131m ve tek bir ileri gerilim noktas\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Bu, de\u011fi\u015fken bir dalga formu boyunca ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir termal model olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in yetersizdir. Tedarik\u00e7iden tam e\u011friyi, kay\u0131p katsay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 veya onaylanm\u0131\u015f bir uygulama hesaplama y\u00f6ntemini isteyin. Projenin gerektirdi\u011fi ak\u0131m aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n; aksi takdirde tedarik\u00e7i, kritik b\u00f6lgeyi yine de d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakan bir belge g\u00f6nderebilir.<\/p>\n

Yaln\u0131zca tipik veriler mevcutsa, sonucu bir \u00f6n eleme tahmini olarak de\u011ferlendirin. Belirgin bir belirsizlik pay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n ve bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k testi planlay\u0131n. Hesaplanan s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cgarantili maksimum\u201d olarak belirtmeyin. Savunulabilir bir tahmin yap\u0131lam\u0131yorsa, ba\u015fka bir mod\u00fclden uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir e\u011friyi kullanmaya kalk\u0131\u015fmak yerine se\u00e7imi ask\u0131ya al\u0131n. Benzer paketlere sahip cihazlar bile farkl\u0131 yongalar ve i\u00e7 ba\u011flant\u0131lar kullanabilir.<\/p>\n

Bir diyot mod\u00fcl\u00fc talebinin nas\u0131l form\u00fcle edilece\u011fi<\/h2>\n

Devre \u015femas\u0131n\u0131, beklenen ak\u0131m dalga bi\u00e7imini, iletim g\u00f6rev oran\u0131n\u0131, kesme gerilimi gereksinimini, ortam ve so\u011futma plan\u0131n\u0131, paket k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve gerekli kesin kan\u0131tlar\u0131 g\u00f6nderin. \u015eunlara g\u00f6z at\u0131n: diyot mod\u00fcl\u00fc ailesi<\/a> ticari se\u00e7enekleri belirlemek amac\u0131yla. Bu MDA ortak anot ailesi<\/a> ve MD300A ters ak\u0131m \u00f6nleyici \u00fcr\u00fcn ailesi<\/a> Bunlar, birbirinden farkl\u0131 topoloji ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktalar\u0131d\u0131r; birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131labilecek \u00f6neriler de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki link \u00fczerinden tam model ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck e\u011friler, termal veriler, i\u00e7 devre \u015femas\u0131 ve montaj talimatlar\u0131n\u0131 talep edebilirsiniz: RITOKS ile ileti\u015fim<\/a>. Tedarik\u00e7iden hangi de\u011ferlerin tipik, s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 veya ko\u015fullu oldu\u011funu belirtmesini isteyin. Ancak o zaman m\u00fchendis, ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131nda termal davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n

S\u0131k sorulan sorular<\/h2>\n

Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ileri gerilim her zaman mod\u00fcl\u00fcn daha az \u0131s\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na m\u0131 gelir?<\/h3>\n

Otomatik olarak de\u011fil. Cihazlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 ak\u0131m dalga formu ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n, ard\u0131ndan paketin termal yolu ve so\u011futma fakt\u00f6rlerini hesaba kat\u0131n. Tek bir ileri gerilim noktas\u0131, kurulumdaki ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6remez.<\/p>\n

Katalogdaki gerilimi ortalama ak\u0131mla \u00e7arpabilir miyim?<\/h3>\n

Only if that approximation is consistent with the manufacturer’s method and the current\/temperature conditions. A varying waveform often needs integration or a validated loss model rather than one point.<\/p>\n

Nihai onay i\u00e7in tipik bir e\u011fri yeterli midir?<\/h3>\n

Tasar\u0131m esaslar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcretici taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilen t\u00fcm maksimum de\u011ferleri isteyin. Nihai onay, sapmalar\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ortam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve kesin montaj y\u00f6ntemini dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak<\/h2>\n

\u0130leriye do\u011fru gerilim, yaln\u0131zca ak\u0131m dalga formu, s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve cihaz yolu tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda diyot kayb\u0131 tahminini destekler. Kesin model elektriksel e\u011frileri bir termal yola e\u015fle\u015ftirin ve monte edilmi\u015f d\u00fczene\u011fi do\u011frulay\u0131n. Desteklenmeyen kay\u0131p tahminlerini malzeme listesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutun ve eksik kan\u0131tlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtin.<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h2>\n